Archimedes Essays (446 words) - Ancient Greek Mathematicians

Archimedes Archimedes was born in 287 BC in Syracuse, a Greek seaport colony in Sicily. Archimedes' father was Phidias. He was an astronomer; this is all we know about his father and we learn this from Archimedes' work, The Sandreckoner. Archimedes was educated in Alexandria, Egypt. Archimedes' friend, Heracleides, wrote a biography about him, but this work was lost. Some authors report that he visited Egypt and there invented a tool known as Archimedes' screw. This is a pump, still used today in parts of the world. It is likely that, when he was a young man, Archimedes studied with the followers of Euclid. Many of his ideas seem to correspond with the mathematics developed there. This speculation is much more certain because he sent his results to Alexandria with personal messages. He considered Conon of Samos, one of the greatest achieving mathematicians at Alexandria, both for his abilities as a mathematician and he also respected him as a close friend. Archimedes spent most of his life in Sicily, near Syracuse except for his journeys to Alexandria. He never held any public office but he was faithful to his lifetime of research and experiment. At times, Archimedes became so immersed in his work that he would forget to eat. He used every surface available to do his work on, including oil on his skin to ashes from a fire. Many of Archimedes' discoveries were put to the test during the Roman conquest of Sicily. His mechanical tools and machines were used, including the legendary catapult which he is credited for making. This was all for the protection of Syracuse. Despite the use of Archimedes' inventions, Syracuse was captured during the Second Punic war. A Roman soldier who found him drawing a mathematical diagram in the sand killed Archimedes. It is said that Archimedes was so preoccupied in his calculation that he simply said to the intruder, Do not disturb my diagrams. Aside from the fame Archimedes earned from his work on the Archimedes' screw, he was also famous for his relationship with the king, Hiero. Hiero often had complicated problems to solve, and Archimedes solved them causing surprise among the town. The king often challenged Archimedes. One of Archimedes' quotes is ?Give me a place to stand and I will move the Earth.? The king took him up on this challenge and invited him to move a ship that even all the men in Syracuse. With his knowledge of levers and pulleys, Archimedes was able to create a machine that could move the ship. Archimedes was far beyond his time. With his discoveries in mathematics, he was able to predict and imitate much of modern science. Bibliography n/a Mathematics

Impacts Of Tourism In Port Antonio Tourism Essays

Impacts Of Tourism In Port Antonio Tourism Essays Impacts Of Tourism In Port Antonio Tourism Essay Impacts Of Tourism In Port Antonio Tourism Essay This paper seeks to place and discourse the development of the touristry industry in Port Antonio, Jamaica. Information was gathered utilizing assorted beginnings. A visit was made to Port Antonio in order to better understand how touristry was practiced in this resort country, both occupants and visitants were interviewed to acquire a feel of what was traveling on in that country and cyberspace beginnings were besides used. Tourism is the travel for recreational, leisure or concern intents. ( answers.com ) , it is the operation of holidaies and visits to topographic points of involvement. The touristry industry consists of concern facets such as adjustments, transit and installations for dining, shopping and amusement to provide to a travelers experience. ( Pileus Project ) History of Tourism in Port Antonio In 1723, Portland was officially known and recognized as parish which was named after a former Governor of Jamaica. The bing port was to be called Port Antonio and was slated to go a naval fastness. In 1729, the British built Fort George on a peninsula disjoining the twin West and east seaports known as the Ticthfield headland. The garrison was developed intended to protect in Landers from onslaughts from the Spaniards and the Maroons. ( Pieces of the yesteryear, 2002 ) The Maroons signed a peace pact with the British in 1739 which led to a new epoch in the development of Portland. The parish so became populated with colonists therefore the cultivation of sugar begun. ( Pieces of the yesteryear, 2002 ) With the development of the banana industry, Portland s lucks improved in the late nineteenth century. The type of dirt provided in Portland and add-on to its heavy rainfall suited the cultivation of banana that provided any societal category husbandman to do of net income of this industry. Banana is a type or harvest that grows quickly and can be reaped in one twelvemonth clip. ( Pieces of the yesteryear, 2002 ) Lorenzo Dow Baker is the adult male who was single-handedly responsible for the exportation of banana in the 1870s. During this period Jamaica s production of sugar was diminishing and in the wink of an oculus, their protected market was finished. Therefore a new harvest for export was needed and that was where Baker came in to play. ( Pieces of the yesteryear, 2002 ) In 1688, a well-known phytologist by the name of Sir Hans Sloane, laminitis of the British Museum jotted the being of bananas in Jamaica. ( Pieces of the yesteryear, 2002 ) Baker inspired Jamaicans to cultivate banana with the challenge, the first adult male who has ten acre of bananas will be rich! His bananas were so sold for about US $ 3 each in Boston. In 1879 Lorenzo Baker became the advocator for a new transportation company that allowed him to increase his transit of bananas. ( Pieces of the yesteryear, 2002 ) Lorenzo Baker began utilizing his steam engines to transport tourers and bananas which was the lone mean of going to and from Jamaica to other states in those times. As visits to Jamaica increased, in the 1900s Mr. Baker created the amazing Titchfield Hotel located on Titchfield Hill that rapidly became popularized with tourer therefore doing Portland to go the topographic point where Tourism foremost started in Jamaica. The hotel became recognized for its afternoon tea on the plaza and cleaning in bath houses. The hotel was one time claimed to be owned by Errol Flynn, a celebrated daredevil. Errol had died before farther developing the attractive force. The hotel was destroyed by a fire in the sixtiess so presently, merely the remains of this historic landmark still stands. ( Pieces of the yesteryear, 2002 ) In 1903, Portland experienced a black hurricane that demolished Fieldss of banana.In 1929, Farmers of Banana assembled and formed the Jamaica Banana Producers Association. Members of this association operated as one to procure their independency, place and controk in the Trade from other immense rivals. With aid from the authorities, few old ages along, the Jamaica Producers Association was managing an abundant part of the trade and by runing their ain transportation company. In 1936 the Association became a privatized but is still operated by banana husbandmans. ( Pieces of the yesteryear, 2002 ) The banana industry drastically increased with three hundred and 55 1000 metric tons of export in 1936 but few old ages down the line it died. Currently, the Jamaica Producers Group of Companies with the aid of All Island Banana Growers Association continues to provide to the involvements of the island s husbandmans of bananas. ( Pieces of the yesteryear, 2002 ) Types of Tourism practiced in Port Antonio Impacts of Tourism in Port Antonio Environmental Impact Tourism has frequently flourished in this parish. Because of its natural attractive forces, any enlargement into this sensitive country might damage the environment. Port Antonio is extremely dependent on its natural resources from which it generates its income. In this parish s present province, the landforms and H2O organic structures caters to the home grounds for many workss and animate beings ; nevertheless there is demand to develop proper resource direction systems relevant to the inflow of tourer. When it rains it gives exuberant flora but besides leads to drainage jobs to tourist countries. ( Mcintosh ) Port Antonio offers an enrapturing holiday experience even though it s still in demand of proper substructure. Hurricane Sandy has cause terrible harm to the environment in Portland but with aid from the authorities Port Antonio has managed to acquire back on its pess. Other environmental impacts include: pollution, torment to visitants, air and noise pollution and deforestation. Social Impact The civilization and the local population s values are respected every bit good as the community s individuality. There are several historical memorials there which they are seeking to continue. One of the more of import societal facet is the betterment in the services and installations, bays, Parkss, conveyance, etc. On the negative side, the occupants have become retainers of the tourer and this has created bitterness towards the visitants and appears countries of societal tenseness. Because touristry involves going from one finish to another, tourers will come across run intoing new persons of different civilizations and as a consequence, cultural contentions may sometime occur between individuals of different faith, cultural group or more. More so, the attitude towards tourers by local abode may fluctuate. Residents may get down of welcoming to the visitants but so develop certain bitterness towards them. ( Coast learn ) Economic This speaks to factors such as employment, income, involvement rate, productiveness and wealth. Current development in the travel and touristry trade reinforces trends towards a more inexpensive and flexible employment conditions. Children are sometimes recruited for such occupations, because they are inexpensive and flexible employees ( Coast learn ) All affecting member ( the citizens, the touristry industry and the visitants ) have invested involvement in the direction of the environmental resource base and a responsibility to make their portion to back up this direction. If the environment is degraded all parties stand to lose visitants will neglect to come ( or will be willing to pay less ) and the states will lose an of import beginning of economic benefit. In other words the environment will bring forth decreased economic, ecological, and agreeableness benefits. ( Edwards, 2009 ) Role of touristry centres A touristry information Centre is an organisational construction where workers assist tourers, locally and internationally with the engagements of adjustments, rubber-necking and transit services. ( Hayward, Marvell, Reynolds, A ; Stewart, 2005 ) The Jamaica Tourist Board, established in 1955 has on three subdivisions located across the island ( Kingston, Montego Bay, Ocho Rios ) . The function of the Jamaica Tourist Board is to market and endorse Jamaica as a finish. ( Jamaica Tourist Board ) Presently there are no touristry boards or centres located in Port Antonio harmonizing to a representative working at the Jamaica Tourist Board Information Centre, but I do believe there is a demand for one in that peculiar locality and every parish to be exact being as how they operate as a usher for serving tourers who may desire to research the country. Tourists are traveling to necessitate information of attractive forces that suit their involvement to see and how to acquire at that place. Therefore, the development of one would be most convenient for them. Manners of transits Port Antonio is accessible by land, air and sea but the most favourable manner is by land. There s a transit centre that extends along the waterfront where coachs and taxis leave on a regular basis, transportations from the airdrome to this country is offered by JUTA. Ken Jones Aerodrome ( 913-3173 ) located 9km West of Port Antonio, no longer having flights from Air Jamaica Express at last visit. These yearss the lone entrance flights are private planes and hired flights of International Airlink and TimAir. Most upscale hotels offer free transportations to and from the Ken Jones Aerodrome for invitees. ( Alone planet ) The Errol Flynn Marina, accessible by sea, offers imposts clearance for private vass ( Lonely planet ) . This marina is besides being used by the seashore guards of a nearby constabulary station. Support Services in Port Antonio Tourism is a really of import portion of Jamaica s economic system. Peoples from all over the universe travel to Jamaica for vacation annually to see the island s pleasant clime, twelvemonth unit of ammunition sunlight, the lovely white sand beaches and beautiful landscapes. Port Antonio is a major resort country in the state of Jamaica. Many might non cognize that touristry was chiefly started in this country and is still a chief resort where tourer from all over the Earth wants to see. Port Antonio, which is the capital of Portland, has all the necessary support services to ease touristry. The country has many attractive forces, equal transit for tourer travel and many eating houses that tourer would wish to banquet at. The country besides provides keen adjustment for tourer stay. One of the hotels located in Port Antonio is the Goblin Hill Villas. This resort is a really fantastic and pleasant topographic point for tourer. Many tourers, when sing Jamaica and desire to remain in Port Antonio, make reserves to remain at the Goblin Hill Villas. The resort offers many installations to act upon tourer stay. One of these installations includes: a white sand beach protected by a coral reef, perfect for snorkeling. It was said by a visitant to the hotel, on t rip adviser, that beautiful belongings, full of character . Most tourist visit Jamaica to see the fantastic attractive forces, do Jamaican activities or merely to populate the Jamaican life style that they hear about. In Port Antonio there are many attractive forces and activities that tourer would love to see for themselves. Most tourers, when sing this resort country in Jamaica, make it a responsibility to hold the experience of rafting the Rio Grande River. Rafting on the Rio Grande River was purportedly started by the legendary Hollywood star, Errol Flynn, to entertain his invitee. Rafting on the Rio Grande is safe, and is done by a skilled, accredited raft captain. While tourers are on their rafting escapade on the Rio Grande River, they will go through through lover s lane ; this is besides a tourer favourite. Rio Grande rafting provides some of the most beautiful positions in Jamaica and on your 3 hr, 6 mile escapade ; you will certainly hold on cognition of the fantastic island of Jamaica. Another favourite attractive force of tourer who visits the Port Antonio resort country is the Boston bay beach. Boston bay beach is celebrated throughout Jamaica and even the universe, but non for its white pearly sand, nor for its clear and beautiful H2O, but chiefly for the nutrient. Boston bay is said to be the topographic point where dork nutrient was originated from. When tourer are in the resort country of Port Antonio and are hungry for some tasty dork nutrient, this would be the topographic point they instead to travel. Boston bay hosts the Portland dork festival one time a twelvemonth. Boston bay beach is besides said to be a good known breaker topographic point, possibly even be the best in Jamaica. The bluish laguna is the following major attractive force in the resort country of Port Antonio. The bluish laguna is a natural laguna, located seven stat mis east of Port Antonio. The laguna was thought of to be bottomless, but frogmans have discovered that it is 180 pess in deepness. Tourist from all over will seek to see the bluish laguna to see the beauty of the laguna or merely to take a swim in it. The most attractive characteristic of the laguna is its cryptic bluish coloring material, which changes throughout the twenty-four hours, depending on where the Sun is. If you spend a twenty-four hours on the bluish laguna, you will see a color alteration of turquoise to sapphire. The Blue hole was the original name of the site, but because of the cinematography of the move Blue Lagoon, the name was so changed. The bluish laguna has attracted many tourers from all over the universe sing Jamaica. No affair which resort country tourer corsets, they tend to desire to do a trip to the Bl ue Lagoon. Great huts in another delighting hotel in the resort country of Port Antonio. It is located in Boston bay, near to the Boston bay beach. Great huts Villa is really different from most hotels. Alternatively of the normal modern, mundane hotel suites, great hut gives to the tourers huts that are really comfy and looks really antique. There are now windows in the suites at Great huts, the suites are merely unfastened to nature. Staying at Great huts Villa, you will besides acquire a beautiful position of the ocean, merely outside your window is the Boston bay beach. Great huts Villa provide installations such as a swimming pool, a library and wash installations etc. comfortss include: in-room massage, housework, arrange of nuptials services, providing etc. Great huts Villa is the right topographic point for you, if you want something different and off from the normal tourer finishs. Port Antonio provides equal transit services to ease touristry in the country. One such agencies of transit is auto leases. Most travellers will lease a vehicle before they arrive in Port Antonio, to do their travel easier and more comfy. It is easier to acquire through Port Antonio than other resort countries such as Montego Bay and Ocho Rios. Another agency of transit that is carried out in Port Antonio is the cab services. Not as many taxis are in Port Antonio as the other resort countries, but this is still the most popular manner of transit for visitants. Cab rates in this resort country are done by auto, non by rider. Menus would be every bit low as US $ 5-7 for 10 stat mis, so a tourer must hold to a set monetary value by the cab driver, before vehicle moves off to the needed finish. Bus service is another popular agencies of transit that is provided in Port Antonio. This means of transit can be palling, slow and crowded. Majority of the coachs does nt incorporate air conditioning and this could be a negative stimulation for tourer who chose this agencies of travel. Bus menu is about US $ 1 for 30-40 stat mis. This means of transit is chiefly used by tourer to research and acquire familiar with the country and its attractive forces. Guided canopy Tourss will be provided for travelers of all ages and fittingness degrees. The Tourss will transport visitants to historic locations in the locality such as Mooretown, working banana plantations and local waterfalls. There are many eating houses in the resort country of Port Antonio that tourer like to travel, but harmonizing to trip adviser, a topographic point called Bush Bar is the figure one eating house, ranked by tourers. The Bush Bar eating house is located at the Geejam hotel. They serve an mixture of Continental and Jamaican culinary arts. The eating house besides has a beautiful position of the ocean in Port Antonio. Another celebrated eating house in the country is the Juicy Beef Patties. Tourists love to eat cakes and the Juicy Beef Patty eating house would be the perfect eating house for patty lovers on holiday in the resort country of Port Antonio. The Juicy Beef Patty eating house is ranked figure three on trip adviser for eating houses in the resort country of Port Antonio. Selling of Port Antonio Port Antonio is marketed through a well-known traveling web site created by the Jamaica Tourist Board where they promote the country through excessive exposure and picture. They provide possible travellers with entree to brief descriptions of the locality every bit good as a list of assorted merchandises and services available within the country such attractive forces, adjustments, eating houses, activities and events to capture the tourer s involvement. ( JTB Information Portal ) Decision Based on what we have seen, heard and read we can safely state that Port Antonio is one of the best resort country in Jamaica. It is all reserved, natural and rich in history. The lone thing left for possible tourers to make is to travel and see it for themselves.

Decisions Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Decisions - Essay Example This also takes into consideration the fact that decision-making is impossible to be the same in every organisation of a country, in spite of similar culture. But on the whole, it would be more or less identical and definitely, it would be totally different from organisations of another culture. Various cultures have different ways of approaching a problem and solving it. It could a participatory method or the time-honoured authoritative approach, or the decision-making might involve a group, or the topmost manager could take the total responsibility of it on his shoulders. Country related cultural factors like high or low masculinity, weak and strong uncertainty avoidance, and different ways of assessing the problem can all affect the process of decision making. Even if the outcome could be poles apart, the steps of decision making are more or less the same: identifying the problem, criteria, and allocation of weights to criteria and the final decision. If problems are framed to two people, it would definitely result in at least slightly different solutions and it is not surprising that two countries with diverse backgrounds, race and culture should have organisations that would take unidentical decisions in solving a management problem3. Defining the problem itself could be from absolutely dissimilar angles. From the decision-making point of view, a wrong diagnosis of the problem could definitely lead into wrong decision-making. Sometimes managers act without complete knowledge of the problem in haste4. Identifying the relevant criteria is the next step of decision-making. Judging the weight of the criteria, so that the decision could be taken accordingly is another step. Before making a decision, it is absolutely necessary to look at the alternatives and apply them to the criteria and assess and decide on the best-suited alternative under the circumstances. If alternatives are not considered, there is always a mischance of leavin g aside a better option. Rating each alternative against each criterion is the best way of taking a decision. Only after that, a decision could be arrived at and before the final decision, its credibility, far reaching affect and its suitability should be assessed. US AND JAPAN These two countries are absolutely different from one another in race, culture and outlook. Japanese had enormous success in industrial and technological field and since then they are pitted against United States in decision making. There is a crucial point that US has a top-down decision making process, where decisions come down from the top level and the rest are expected to follow it verbatim. But Japanese still believe in conventional society, and here the decisions are made at the operating level, 'a sort of bottom-up process' and such decisions are supported and approved by the organisation at all levels. There had been speculations in both countries about the success of the other's economy and researches have gone into the decision-maki

Competition law and State Owned Enterprises (SOEs) Research Paper

Competition law and State Owned Enterprises (SOEs) - Research Paper Example On the other hand, the Clayton Act is an amendment to the Sherman Act used for placing restrictions on business mergers. The bill also puts restrictions on the acquisition of other companies that could in turn lead to monopolies or unfair commercial practices. The agency in charge of seeking out free and fair competition is the federal trade commission (Alexander, 2009). The department of justice carries out all investigations on matters concerning the competition also, and the law gives it the authority to call and gather a grand jury to indict a suspect. There are civil and criminal charges in place for any part found guilty of acting against the antitrust laws in the state. Civil consequences of the statues include among others injunctions, divestiture or even cancelation of contracts. The laws have the responsibility of ensuring that there exists a level playing ground for all parties involved. It also serves the function of protection of smaller firms from large enterprises that intend to run them out of business. Lastly the laws protect the final consumer by considering market condition so that they do not suffer high prices for commodities in the market (Mazzolini, 1980). State-owned businesses or the government-owned corporations are legal organizations that carry out commercial activities on behalf of the government. State-owned enterprises are common to natural monopolies and infrastructure. They have the task of providing services and products that are otherwise said to be expensive, and the private sector cannot offer them to the public. They provide goods and services such as railways and telecommunications, mail services and weapons for defense, energy and electricity, politically sensitive businesses, broadcasting, education and healthcare (Drew, 2006). State-owned enterprises have the responsibility of promoting the interests of the public, unlike other organizations whose objects are profit maximization (Thomas, 2005). They

Process Analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Process Analysis - Essay Example Having checked my latest liquidity statements shows me that I have a little over $14000 combined liquidity in terms of savings, investments, and available credit from my credit cards. This means that in order to go broke by the Christmas season, I would have to spend at least $5000 a month in order to stay in schedule. That wont be hard to do. What with Thanks giving, Halloween, and the Christmas holidays coming up. This ought to be a piece of cake. Thank heavens my parents live in New York. That should speed things up for me. Now, on to the first order of business. First, I have to go online and find the most expensive airline ticket available for my flight home to visit my parents for the Thanksgiving holidays. Economy and business class wont cut it this time. I simply must fly First Class on the way home. Ah, there it is, and it flies non-stop too. That just doubled the ticket price. Charge it! Now, to get myself a seriously decent place to stay in while I am there. Although my parents have never bothered to redecorate my room since I moved out when I left for college, my Justin Timberlake posters still hang in my room. Much as I would love to revisit my wacky teenage, hormonal years, drooling over JT will have to wait. I am on a mission right now. Im still sitting in front of the computer looking for the best deals on hotels in New York. It costs how much to stay at a suite at the Trump Plaza? A 3 day stay ought to wipe out at least half of my savings and credit line. Just a little more to spend now. Clothes, I definitely cant take this trip home without any clothes. But having to check in things and go through security inspection at the airport is such a bane. Not to mention how I am the worst suitcase packer in the world. Looks like Ill be purchasing my clothes when I get back to New York. Now, if I were to spend $2000 on clothes purchases for a 3 day stay.... That looks just about right. Traveling around New York during the holiday season

Child rights based juvenile justice system in Bangladesh

Child rights based juvenile justice system in Bangladesh Juvenile delinquency is a burning issue and relatively a new phenomenon in the criminal and human rights jurisprudence. The juvenile of the world are innocent, vulnerable, and curious, full of hope, and belongs to thrill, aspirations, ambition and what not. In face the future of the juvenile should be shared and cared in the light of equality, dignity and social justice with a view to protecting and promoting the best interest of the child in general. The situation of juvenile delinquency in Bangladesh is very critical in nature. The Convention on the Rights of the Child and other relevant international standards for dealing with juvenile offenders provides a rough but broadly adequate framework for any national system. However, Bangladesh is lagging behind in implementing international juvenile justice standards and the domestic legal initiatives for the protection of juvenile offenders are not adequate somehow and to some extent, these are not consistent with the spirit of the Conv ention of the Rights of Child. Next to non-implementation of laws, the mindset and approach of the people to child offenders are crucial factors that require attention. This essay at the outset, considers the implications of genuine protection of the rights of juvenile offenders. It also discusses some dilemmas for national legislation and the impact of the relevant international instruments on such legislation. Finally the present study has been carried to find out how a child rights-based approach can advance to provide true dignity and justice for child offenders in Bangladesh. Historical background of juvenile delinquency: Delinquency was available throughout all the time. In ancient Britain, even seven years old boys were tried, convicted and punished as adults. There was no special treatment for them, a hanging was a hanging. In Norway, for example, a thirteen century penal code specifies that adult might lose both hands if stealing, children only one (The Council of Europe,2004:13). However, United States of America is one of the pioneer countries on juvenile justice. Social reformers started to create special facilities for troubled juveniles in the late nineteenth century. Though Illinois introduced a separate system of criminal justice in 1899, much had changed by 1909 when Judge Julian Mack famously proposed in a Harvard Law Review article that a juvenile offender should be treated as a wise and merciful father handles his own child (Scott and Laurence, 2008:16). Yet the provision of special court and treatment was soon replicated throughout the country and spread aboard in Britain(1908), France (1912), Spain(1918), The Netherlands(1921)(The Innocenti Digest, 1997:10) Today most of the states of the United Nations have a separate court system for the children accused of an offence. They have the right to treatment that takes full account of their age, circumstance and their needs. The courts generally handle two types of juvenile offender: The delinquent child who has committed an act that is a crime for adult under state law. On the other hand, status offenders are considered unruly and uncontrolled beyond their legal guardian (Siegel and Welsh, 2008). A multitude factors exist that contribute to the understanding of what leads to engage in delinquent behavior. It is also true certainly social factors like poverty, illiteracy, broken homes; lack of employment, peer pressure, lack of parental guidance can be the best root causes to explain juvenile delinquency in Bangladesh. In Bangladesh no separate juvenile justice law exists. The 1974 Children Act is the main law concerning children in Bangladesh, but it deals both with children in need of protection/care as well as children in conflict with the law on one hand, other laws, such as the Penal Code, the Code of Criminal Procedure, the Suppression of Violence against Women and Children Act, on the other hand, also contain provisions regarding children in conflict with the law (UNICEF, n.d.).At present, there are three specialized juvenile courts established in the country and three specialized institutions for the detention of child offenders, which have been renamed as the Child Development Centers among them, two centers for boys are located in Tongi and Jessore and the girls centre is in Konabari (ibid) Definition of a juvenile in Bangladesh: contradictions and dilemmas The definition of child is not uniform in the laws of Bangladesh. Different laws have defined children in different ways. According to the section 2(f) of the Children Act 1974 defines a child as a person under the age of sixteen for the purpose of juvenile justice system administration. Nonetheless, UN Convention on the Rights of Children defines as any person under the age of 18 years. In addition the Bengal Vagrancy Act in section 1(3) explains a child as a person less than 14 years. According to the Women and Children Repression Prevention (Special Provisions) Act, 2000 amended in 2003 furthermore, defines a child as a person under the age of 16 years It is indeed to say that as far as proper functioning of the juvenile justice system is concerned the determination of age is extremely important. However in regard to criminal offence committed by a child, the laws in Bangladesh are to some extent ambiguous. To determine the age of criminal responsibility section 82 of the Penal Code 1860 says that nothing would be an offence, which is done by a child under nine. Surprisingly in the same statute section 83 provides, nothing is an offence which is done by a child above seven years of age and under twelve who has attained sufficient maturity to understand the nature and consequence of the act'(Ministry of Law and Parliamentary Affairs, Government of the Peoples Republic of Bangladesh 1860). So it is one of the difficulties of criminal justice policy to provide the legal mechanism to reflect the transition from the age of childhood innocence and through the maturity and the full responsibility under the criminal law. The article 40 CRC asks the states to establish a minimum age below which children shall be presumed not to have the capacity to infringe the penal law (Convention on the Rights of the Child, 1989). The treaty does not spell out at which precise age the line should be drawn though committee monitoring the implementation of the Convention has expressed the concern about the low age in several countries (Hammarberg 2008:194). Rule 4.1 of the Beijing Rules provides, in those legal systems recognizing the concept of the age of criminal responsibility for juveniles, the beginning of that age shall not be fixed at too low an age level, bearing in mind the facts of emotional, mental and intellectual maturity (United Nations Standard Minimum Rules for the Administration of Juvenile Justice, 1985). These international standards unfortunately are not followed in the courts of Bangladesh as there is no uniformity in the definition of a child. In concern with this the Committee on the Rights of the Child in its concluding observations of 2003 expressed over the limited progress achieved in establishing a functioning juvenile justice system throughout the country(UNICEF, n.d.). International legal framework for a child rights oriented juvenile justice: The major international conventions dealing with juvenile justice secures the protection of a child in conflict with law and urges for special action in accordance with the nature and circumstance of the offence. Juvenile justice has become an international issue with the UNCRC coming into force in 1990. Articles 37 clearly states, No child shall be subjected to torture or other cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishmentEvery child deprived of liberty shall be treated with humanity and respect for the inherent dignity of the human person, and in a manner which takes into account the needs of persons of his or her age (Convention on the Rights of the Child, 1989). In addition, article 40 connotes, States Parties recognize the right of every child accused of infringing the penal law shall be treated in a manner consistent with the promotion of the childs sense of dignity and worth, which takes into account the childs age and the desirability of promoting the childs reintegration in society (ibid). These special provisions also focus on several rights like, right to be informed, rights to a fair trial, right to legal assistance and so forth. This convention is binding legally on Banglad esh and operates as hard international law. Apart from CRC, there are three other important UN sponsored documents dealing explicitly with the standards and guidelines for the treatment of children coming with the conflict of law. The Beijing Rules conveys the basic procedural safeguards for a juvenile offender, such as the presumption of innocence, the right to be notified of the charges, the right to remain silent, the right to counsel, the right to the presence of a parent or guardian, the right to confront and cross-examine witnesses and the right to appeal to a higher authority (United Nations Standard Minimum Rules for the Administration of Juvenile Justice, 1985). Riyadh Guidelines moreover, call for a child centered orientation and child development perspective to prevent delinquency that directly refers to adoption of the preventive policies facilitating the successful socialization and integration of all children and young persons, in particular through the family, the community, peer groups, schools, vocational trai ning and the world of work as well as through voluntary organizations (Krech,1998), whereas the other charter urges for a juvenile justice system that should uphold the rights and safety and promote the physical and mental well-being of juveniles (UN Rules for the Protection of Juveniles Deprived of Liberty, 1990). Besides, there are additional documents which are often referred to in any discussion on Juvenile Justice, for instance, Standard Minimum Rules for the Treatment of Prisoners of 1955, UN standard Minimum Rules for Non-custodial Measures of 1999 etc. It is important to note that Bangladesh is not a signatory party of these international instruments for juvenile justice, but it is morally bound with the provision of these guidelines and directions for the betterment of the juvenile. . Human rights violation of the juveniles in conflict with law in Bangladesh: In Bangladesh, according to the Children Act 1974 and also the Code of Criminal Procedure, children can only tried by juvenile court and no trial can be held with the adults. The trial shall be held in camera i.e. only people directly involved in the case and officer of the courts can be present during the trial. Even the report of the probation officer or any other report considered by the court shall be treated as confidential and publication of report of the proceedings, photograph of the child leading directly and indirectly the identity of such child is prohibited. But these provisions have been rarely followed in trying a juvenile delinquent. The juvenile justice system in the country remains in a chaotic situation as there are dozens of judgments convicting the youth offenders under the Children Act 1974, although there cannot be any punishment to children under 16(The Daily Star,2007) If it appears to the court the accused is a child, the court shall make an inquiry to determine the age of the child. In the absence of birth registration practice, the judicial officers have to depend on mere speculation or, medical certificates of the child. Section 48 states that if a child arrested is under 16 years old, the police officer may release him on bail (The Children Act 1974). But the reality tells something else. A study by Odhikar it was found that in 2001 in Dhaka Central Jail 7% of the children arrested with adults on suspicion under section 54 of the Code of the Criminal procedure 1898 had been in custody for more than 2 years (Chowdhury, 2006). In 2002, a 14year old boy was released from prison in December after two and half year in custody. The child was arrested in a blanket sweep against criminals and never charged with any offence (US Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor, 2004).In July, 2005 the Dhaka Metropolitan Magistrate Court released a nine year s old boy from criminal case after investigators from a local human rights organization noticed him during a regular prison visit (US Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor, 2005). After the arrest of the child, neither the probation officers are informed by the police nor are the guardians found with the help of probation officers. For the protection of best interest no child would be tried, detained with adults and sentenced with life imprisonment. Nonetheless, the issue of joint trial of a child with an adult has been in a number of cases. For example, in Shiplu and another vs. State (1997), Shiplu a boy of 14 years old was tried with his mother for killing a woman under section 302 under the Penal Code 1860. They were convicted with the District Court and sentenced to imprisonment for life. In the appeal preferred by Shiplu, the conviction of the trial court was invoked by appellants advocate to be set aside for two reasons, Shiplu was a child at the time of the trial and the trial of him was not taken place in a juvenile court. Therefore the Appellate court accepted the disposition of the appellants lawyer and issued an order that the conviction as given b y the District court would be set aside. In reference with this, a report shows approximately 347 children were imprisoned (some with their mothers) despite laws prohibiting the imprisonment of minors (US Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor, 2009) The governments human rights record remained poor, and the government appeared to be inactive to assist the rights of the child offender. Even other concerned authorities including the judges of the court seem to be very careless to take into account the domestic laws of Bangladesh. In 2004, a 3-year-old child, accused in an attempted murder case, surrendered before Court of Chief Metropolitan Magistrate and prayed for bail (The Daily Star,2004). A research conducted on ten child offender sentenced under the Penal code in Bangladesh shows that the youthful offenders were kept in the jail custody with the adult prisoners and most of them were detained in the District Jail not in the child development centers, even no probation officer visited them during the pendency of the legal procedures (Malik, 2007:41-42) If a child has been kept in the child development centre, he can exercise his rights to education, leisure; participate in training, cultural activities and so on, unfortunately poor administrative and logistic support lead to a hindrance to protect the best interest of the child in such centers. The probation officers dont submit the report to assess the improvement of children regularly and the inmates are not produced on the scheduled day before the court (Khan and Rahman, 2008:83-84) As Bangladesh is one of the state parties of the CRC, it is obligatory for the state to undertake all appropriate legislative, administrative, and other measures for the implementation of the rights of the children in conflict with law. The child rights oriented juvenile system does fit to a country like Bangladesh to fulfill, protect and promote the rights of the children. Though there are some challenges still remaining, I would like to argue that child rights based juvenile justice framework would be very reliable to explore youth justice in Bangladesh through transparent use of resources, CRC centered policies and the collaboration of the actors. What is a child rights based juvenile justice system: The initial idea behind a juvenile justice system is that children in trouble with the law should be helped rather than punished. Central to the concept of the juvenile court was the principle of parens patriae. This means that instead of lawyers fighting to decide guilt or innocence the court would act as parent or guardian interested in helping the child (Family law,n.d.). The child rights based juvenile justice is a holistic approach basically prioritizes the principles of non discrimination and equality (article 2, CRC), well being of the child (Article 3, CRC), and participation, voice and volunteerism (article 12, CRC). It implies the progressive realization of the rights of the juvenile offender through the separate judicial mechanism and special treatment with a view to facilitating human dignity and integrity. It hold the powerful accountable to come up with the child centered legislations and policies and allocate budget and more resources for the delinquent. The child rights based juvenile justice seeks to improve the quality, responsiveness and relevance of the institutions and services like child oriented judiciary and probation office, well equipped correctional centers etc. Besides, a child friendly juvenile justice framework intends to change awareness, attitudes, behavior, practices, norms, and values in the society by the sensitization and training of different sections. However a question can come into play whether the offender would go unpunished in this framework. The procedures under a child rights based approach may recognize the damage to the victim and it should make the juvenile offender understand that the deed was not acceptable (Hammarberg 2008:194). But the main difference with the ordinary criminal justice is that child rights juvenile system doesnt advocate for retributive procedure and encourages to establish responsibility of the actors to promote rehabilitation and re-integration (ibid). Tools of structuring rights based juvenile justice system: Child rights juvenile justice needs a wide range of tools to achieve concrete and sustainable results for children wellbeing. It works to get duty bearer to fulfill their obligation and to support children to claim their rights. The State is required to render appropriate assistance additionally to parents and legal guardians in the performance of their child-rearing responsibilities, thus ensuring that the capacity of families to act as the first line of protection of children is enhanced (Pais, 1999:13). Initiating legal reforms: Necessary amendments in regard to the national juvenile laws need to be brought into the line with the standard laid down by CRC. For instance, under the Children Act urgent reforms should be made to consider everyone below the age of eighteen years (Khan and Rahman, 2008:103). In Uganda, specialized family and children courts with informal settings and speedy trial procedure have been established for rehabilitating the children in the society (Roy and Wong, 2006:45).In Bangladesh the national legislation doesnt recognize the principle of diversion that needs to be maintained with the provision of community based rehabilitation, NGOs involvement, etc, even it does not urge for the establishment of a child ombudsman office. These legal reforms are in the core of child rights based youth justice. However, Bangladesh government started to concentrate to a new national social policy on models of care and protection for children in conflict with the law has been drafted to address both ch ildren in conflict with the law and children in children of protection (Ahmed and Islam, 2010:281). Providing adequate legal aid: Most of the children who come in conflict with law in Bangladesh come from very poor families who dont have the ability to engage counsel for their defense. Article 40, UNCRC notes that he child is entitled to have legal or other appropriate assistance in the preparation and presentation to defend him. In accordance with the convention the strategy under child rights model accounts the government to provide free legal assistance to the vulnerable children to ensure the fair and prompt trial. Child friendly Court environment: In Bangladesh, in the children development centres there are separate courts for children which are in comparison to other criminal courts more favorable for the children. But very few cases are heard there. Majority of the cases tries in the ordinary criminal court with adverse court environment and the required special procedure specified in the Children Act is not followed. The child is not heard and he is not allowed to participate in the court proceedings as well. The child rights oriented court system identifies the duty of police, judge, and public prosecutor and broadly the governments by allocating resources and providing trained actors(judges, police etc) to compose an informal court environment that secures the participation of the children and secondly promotes the establishment of laws, procedure in favor them in coordination with article 40(3), CRC. Serving facilities in the juvenile development centers: The centers in Bangladesh lack facilities for correctional activities. The curriculum for the vocational training is not up to date, the instructors are not skilled enough and the officials lack skill to deal with the children who need special care and attention. One 10year old boy was found killed in the Juvenile Development Centre with his throat slit and another one reportedly died in a clash between prisoners'(Odhikar,2008:2). In this context, the juvenile rights based youth justice demands to incorporate counseling, modern trade for the correction centres and arrangement of training for the centre employees including the probation officer. Duty of the NGOs, INGOs and Social Welfare Departments: The NGOs with shelter home can secure the protection of a child in conflict with law. They have the duty to provide free legal aid and act on behalf of a juvenile. In Vietnam Save the Children (Sweden) approached by the Ministry of Justice for technical assistance developed the capacity of staff in various relevant agencies like police, prosecutors, judge and the officials of mass organization and initiated programs to ensure familiarity with UNCRC, international standard, divergence between police policy and practice on the ground(Roy and Wong,2006:76).The new child rights concept involves a shift to justice and entitlement of the children and acknowledges immediate survival and development of them by making the duty holder accountable. So, the probation officers under the Social Welfare Department are bound to exercise their power and perform their duties properly to train the offender and rehabilitate them in society. Necessity of training and sensitization: Protection of the best interest of the child by community service: The Beijing Rules specify care, guidance, probation services, and community services as non custodial sentencing options in section 18. In accordance with the international norms, community service asks the child to provide service to the community as means of punishment or restitution and allows juveniles to remain with their families. The rights focused juvenile justice can address the community service in Bangladesh as a meaningful method in which young people can see the benefits of their works Inter-agency collaboration: Children justice plannings in Bangladesh seek the involvement of a wide range of people from various institutions, government department and the society including judiciary, police, probation officer, stakeholders, community leaders, social welfare personnel, staff of UNICEF to promote the integration of a child offender. International guidelines emphasis the importance of inter ministerial and inter departmental coordination to improve the quality of institutional treatment of the children as well (section 26, The Beijing Rule and section 60, Riyadh Guidelines) Challenges to develop a child rights based juvenile justice model in Bangladesh: To me, it is relative early stage to build up a child focused juvenile justice system successfully. Ideologically it is associated with neo-liberal agenda and in Bangladesh context; some encounters may hinder the process of the development of rights based approach to youth justice in Bangladesh. Lack of available resources: This approach binds the government with their effective efforts to promote the rights of a child offender inside and outside the court by the maximum use of resource. Establishing well functioning juvenile courts and national council for children, effective mechanism for birth registration programs and other promotional activities demand a high profile budget which may slow down the process of child development. Absence of coordination among stakeholders: In Bangladesh different stakeholders have been carrying out many activities in the area of pro child manner juvenile justice. Though the enthusiasm is high, these activities have often been proved to be sporadic in nature due to the lack of coordination among them. Deficiency in monitoring role of authorities: In the courts of Bangladesh there is no provision as well as facilities to monitor the progress of the dispositional orders. Thats why when the child is placed out at home, it becomes almost impossible to supervise his condition whether he gets involved with another offence or he is able to enjoy his rights. Lack of political will or commitment of the duty bearers with limited public accountability: I like to conclude that there is a light of hope that during the recent years government and other NGOs have been working hard to improve the human rights condition of the child offender. The juvenile correctional centres, which were, in practical terms, jails for young boys allegedly involved in criminal activities, were transformed into child development centres that tried to promote more humane approaches towards treating the children in the centres and to acknowledge their role as active citizens( Judge,2007:28).. However the government intends to consider those children who are detained in jail, not the children who have been back in their families (Khan and Rahman, 2008:103). However the rights oriented approach does not allow separation among the children and reveals to aid the best interest of child regardless of their birthplace or status Therefore I like to reckon that it is an approach that can be successfully filtered to inspire, persuade and support states in discharging their obligation to juvenile offenders rights in Bangladesh.

How does the writer use language to create suspense in The Red Room :: English Literature

How does the writer use language to create suspense in The Red Room The Red Room is about a man who is staying at an old house with a haunted room, which he is going to spend the night in. He is unwilling to listen to the warnings of the three elderly occupants of the house who are sure that the room is haunted. The story starts with the man speaking and being very confident about staying in the room and how only a tangible ghost will frighten him he is saying that nothing can hurt him unless it is solid or touchable which is not what ghosts are like. So he is also saying that ghosts do not exist. He tries to back up this by saying that he has â€Å" lived for eight and twenty years and never seen a ghost† however the old woman says â€Å" that he has never stayed in a house like this†. This creates more suspense because the reader want to know what the house is like and why it is haunted and what the inhabitants have experienced to support their beliefs in a paranormal housemate. To make the story more mysterious none of the characters is named. The three old people are described, as though they are unhealthy and decaying so they look like ghosts in comparison to the narrator. The narrator then wants to go to the room, so he asks the elderly people if they would guide him there but they just ignore him. He sounds very authoritative and superior but also very arrogant and the old people do not answer him so he repeats the request a little louder and they just tell him where he can find the candle and say he must go alone. Then the old woman says â€Å"this night of all nights† which again creates more tension because what did happen on this night? They give him directions to the room and he leaves them and heads for the room but just before he leave the old man says â€Å"its of your choosing† the old man is saying that when the narrator finds what ever is in the room don’t come to them saying we was pushed you into it†. The writer goes on to set the scene for the journey to the room. Portraying it as a chilly echoing passage, which sounds very threatening and menacing. He talks about the three old pensioners that occupy the castle coming from an age where there was no science and the existence of omens and witches were creditable. As he goes down

Cognitive science Essay

Stylistics is the study and interpretation of texts from a linguistic perspective. As a discipline it links literary criticism and linguistics, but has no autonomous domain of its own. [1][2] The preferred object of stylistic studies is literature, but not exclusively â€Å"high literature† but also other forms of written texts such as text from the domains of advertising, pop culture, politics or religion. [3] Stylistics also attempts to establish principles capable of explaining the particular choices made by individuals and social groups in their use of language, such as socialisation, the production and reception of meaning, critical discourse analysis and literary criticism. Other features of stylistics include the use of dialogue, including regional accents and people’s dialects, descriptive language, the use of grammar, such as the active voice or passive voice, the distribution of sentence lengths, the use of particular language registers, etc. In addition, stylistics is a distinctive term that may be used to determine the connections between the form and effects within a particular variety of language. Therefore, stylistics looks at what is ‘going on’ within the language; what the linguistic associations are that the style of language reveals. * | Early twentieth century The analysis of literary style goes back to Classical rhetoric, but modern stylistics has its roots in Russian Formalism,[4] and the related Prague School, in the early twentieth century. In 1909, Charles Bally’s Traite de stylistique francaise had proposed stylistics as a distinct academic discipline to complement Saussurean linguistics. For Bally, Saussure’s linguistics by itself couldn’t fully describe the language of personal expression. [5] Bally’s programme fitted well with the aims of the Prague School. [6] Building on the ideas of the Russian Formalists, the Prague School developed the concept of foregrounding, whereby poetic language stands out from the background of non-literary language by means of deviation (from the norms of everyday language) or parallelism. [7] According to the Prague School, the background language isn’t fixed, and the relationship between poetic and everyday language is always shifting. [8] Late twentieth century Roman Jakobson had been an active member of the Russian Formalists and the Prague School, before emigrating to America in the 1940s. He brought together Russian Formalism and American New Criticism in his Closing Statement at a conference on stylistics at Indiana University in 1958. [9] Published as Linguistics and Poetics in 1960, Jakobson’s lecture is often credited with being the first coherent formulation of stylistics, and his argument was that the study of poetic language should be a sub-branch of linguistics. [10] The poetic function was one of six general functions of language he described in the lecture. Michael Halliday is an important figure in the development of British stylistics. [11] His 1971 study Linguistic Function and Literary Style: An Inquiry into the Language of William Golding’s ‘The Inheritors’ is a key essay. [12] One of Halliday’s contributions has been the use of the term register to explain the connections between language and its context. [13] For Halliday register is distinct from dialect. Dialect refers to the habitual language of a particular user in a specific geographical or social context. Register describes the choices made by the user,[14] choices which depend on three variables: field (â€Å"what the participants†¦ are actually engaged in doing†, for instance, discussing a specific subject or topic),[15] tenor (who is taking part in the exchange) and mode (the use to which the language is being put). Fowler comments that different fields produce different language, most obviously at the level of vocabulary (Fowler. 1996, 192) The linguist David Crystal points out that Halliday’s ‘tenor’ stands as a roughly equivalent term for ‘style’, which is a more specific alternative used by linguists to avoid ambiguity. (Crystal. 1985, 292) Halliday’s third category, mode, is what he refers to as the symbolic organisation of the situation. Downes recognises two distinct aspects within the category of mode and suggests that not only does it describe the relation to the medium: written, spoken, and so on, but also describes the genre of the text. (Downes. 1998, 316) Halliday refers to genre as pre-coded language, language that has not simply been used before, but that predetermines the selection of textual meanings. The linguist William Downes makes the point that the principal characteristic of register, no matter how peculiar or diverse, is that it is obvious and immediately recognisable. (Downes. 1998, 309) Literary stylistics In The Cambridge Encyclopedia of Language, Crystal observes that, in practice, most stylistic analysis has attempted to deal with the complex and ‘valued’ language within literature, i. e.  Ã¢â‚¬Ëœliterary stylistics’. He goes on to say that in such examination the scope is sometimes narrowed to concentrate on the more striking features of literary language, for instance, its ‘deviant’ and abnormal features, rather than the broader structures that are found in whole texts or discourses. For example, the compact language of poetry is more likely to reveal the secrets of its construction to the stylistician than is the language of plays and novels. (Crystal. 1987, 71). Poetry As well as conventional styles of language there are the unconventional – the most obvious of which is poetry. In Practical Stylistics, HG Widdowson examines the traditional form of the epitaph, as found on headstones in a cemetery. For example: His memory is dear today As in the hour he passed away. (Ernest C. Draper ‘Ern’. Died 4. 1. 38) (Widdowson. 1992, 6) Widdowson makes the point that such sentiments are usually not very interesting and suggests that they may even be dismissed as ‘crude verbal carvings’ and crude verbal disturbance (Widdowson, 3). Nevertheless, Widdowson recognises that they are a very real attempt to convey feelings of human loss and preserve affectionate recollections of a beloved friend or family member. However, what may be seen as poetic in this language is not so much in the formulaic phraseology but in where it appears. The verse may be given undue reverence precisely because of the sombre situation in which it is placed. Widdowson suggests that, unlike words set in stone in a graveyard, poetry is unorthodox language that vibrates with inter-textual implications. (Widdowson. 1992, 4) Two problems with a stylistic analysis of poetry are noted by PM Wetherill in Literary Text: An Examination of Critical Methods. The first is that there may be an over-preoccupation with one particular feature that may well minimise the significance of others that are equally important. (Wetherill. 1974, 133) The second is that any attempt to see a text as simply a collection of stylistic elements will tend to ignore other ways whereby meaning is produced. (Wetherill. 1974, 133) Implicature In ‘Poetic Effects’ from Literary Pragmatics, the linguist Adrian Pilkington analyses the idea of ‘implicature’, as instigated in the previous work of Dan Sperber and Deirdre Wilson. Implicature may be divided into two categories: ‘strong’ and ‘weak’ implicature, yet between the two extremes there are a variety of other alternatives. The strongest implicature is what is emphatically implied by the speaker or writer, while weaker implicatures are the wider possibilities of meaning that the hearer or reader may conclude. Pilkington’s ‘poetic effects’, as he terms the concept, are those that achieve most relevance through a wide array of weak implicatures and not those meanings that are simply ‘read in’ by the hearer or reader. Yet the distinguishing instant at which weak implicatures and the hearer or reader’s conjecture of meaning diverge remains highly subjective. As Pilkington says: ‘there is no clear cut-off point between assumptions which the speaker certainly endorses and assumptions derived purely on the hearer’s responsibility. ’ (Pilkington. 1991, 53) In addition, the stylistic qualities of poetry can be seen as an accompaniment to Pilkington’s poetic effects in understanding a poem’s meaning. Stylistics is a valuable if long-winded approach to criticism, and compels attention to the poem’s details. Two of the three simple exercises performed here show that the poem is deficient in structure, and needs to be radically recast. The third sheds light on its content. Introduction Stylistics applies linguistics to literature in the hope of arriving at analyses which are more broadly based, rigorous and objective. {1} The pioneers were the Prague and Russian schools, but their approaches have been appropriated and extended in recent years by radical theory. Stylistics can be evaluative (i. e.judge the literary worth on stylistic criteria), but more commonly attempts to simply analyze and describe the workings of texts which have already been selected as noteworthy on other grounds. Analyses can appear objective, detailed and technical, even requiring computer assistance, but some caution is needed. Linguistics is currently a battlefield of contending theories, with no settlement in sight. Many critics have no formal training in linguistics, or even proper reading, and are apt to build on theories (commonly those of Saussure or Jacobson) that are inappropriate and/or no longer accepted. Some of the commonest terms, e. g. deep structure, foregrounding, have little or no experimental support. {2} Linguistics has rather different objectives, moreover: to study languages in their entirety and generality, not their use in art forms. Stylistic excellence — intelligence, originality, density and variety of verbal devices — play their part in literature, but aesthetics has long recognized that other aspects are equally important: fidelity to experience, emotional shaping, significant content. Stylistics may well be popular because it regards literature as simply part of language and therefore (neglecting the aesthetic dimension) without a privileged status, which allows the literary canon to be replaced by one more politically or sociologically acceptable. {3} Why then employ stylistics at all? Because form is important in poetry, and stylistics has the largest armoury of analytical weapons. Moreover, stylistics need not be reductive and simplistic. There is no need to embrace Jacobson’s theory that poetry is characterized by the projection of the paradigmatic axis onto the syntagmatic one. {4} Nor accept Bradford’s theory of a double spiral: {5} literature has too richly varied a history to be fitted into such a straitjacket. Stylistics suggests why certain devices are effective, but does not offer recipes, any more than theories of musical harmony explains away the gifts of individual composers. Some stylistic analysis is to be found in most types of literary criticism, and differences between the traditional, New Criticism and Stylistics approaches are often matters of emphasis. Style is a term of approbation in everyday use (â€Å"that woman has style†, etc.), and may be so for traditional and New Criticism. But where the first would judge a poem by reference to typical work of the period (Jacobean, Romantic, Modernist, etc. ), or according to genre, the New Criticism would probably simply note the conventions, explain what was unclear to a modern audience, and then pass on to a detailed analysis in terms of verbal density, complexity, ambiguity, etc. To the Stylistic critic, however, style means simply how something is expressed, which can be studied in all language, aesthetic and non-aesthetic. {6} Stylistics is a  very technical subject, which hardly makes for engrossing, or indeed uncontentious, {7} reading. The treatment here is very simple: just the bare bones, with some references cited. Under various categories the poem is analyzed in a dry manner, the more salient indications noted, and some recommendations made in Conclusions. Published Examples of Stylistic Literary Criticism G. N. Leech’s A Linguistic Guide to English Poetry (1969) Laura Brown’s Alexander Pope (1985) Roy Lewis’s On Reading French Verse: A Study in Poetic Form (1982) George Wright’s Shakespeare’s Metrical Art. (1988) Richard Bradford’s A Linguistic History of English Poetry (1993) Poem The Architects But, as you’d expect, they are very Impatient, the buildings, having much in them Of the heavy surf of the North Sea, flurrying The grit, lifting the pebbles, flinging them With a hoarse roar against the aggregate They are composed of — the cliffs higher of course, More burdensome, underwritten as It were with past days overcast And glinting, obdurate, part of the Silicate of tough lives, distant and intricate As the whirring bureaucrats let in And settled with coffee in the concrete pallets, Awaiting the post and the department meeting — Except that these do not know it, at least do not Seem to, being busy, generally. So perhaps it is only on those cloudless, almost Vacuumed afternoons with tier upon tier Of concrete like rib-bones packed above them, And they light-headed with the blue airiness Spinning around, and muzzy, a neuralgia Calling at random like frail relations, a phone Ringing in a distant office they cannot get to, That they become attentive, or we do — these Divisions persisting, indeed what we talk about, We, constructing these webs of buildings which, Caulked like great whales about us, are always. Aware that some trick of the light or weather Will dress them as friends, pleading and flailing — And fill with placid but unbearable melodies Us in deep hinterlands of incurved glass.  © C. John Holcombe 1997 Metre Though apparently iambic, with five stresses to the line, the metre shows many reversals and substitutions. Put at its simplest, with: / representing a strong stress representing a weak stress x representing no stress, and trying to fit lines into a pentameters, we have -| /| x| x| x| /| -| | x| /| x| | But| as| you’d| ex| pect| | they| are| ve| ry| x| /| x| x| /| x| /| x| | x| x| Im| pat| ient| the| build| ings,| hav| ing| much| in| them| x| x| | x| /| x| x| | /| /| x x| Of| the| heav| y| surf| of| the| North| Sea,| flurr| ying| x| /| -| /| x| x| /| x| /| x| | The| grit,| | lift| ing| the| pebbl| es,| fling| ing| them| | x| /| -| /| x| | x| /| x| | With| a| hoarse| | roar| a| gainst| the| agg| re| gate| x| | x| /| | x| /| /| x| x| /| They| are| com| posed| of,| the| cliffs| high| er| of| course| | /| x| | -| /| x| / | x| | | More| burd| en| some,| | un| der| writ| ten| as| | x| /| x| /| -| /| -| /| x| /| | It| were| with| past| | days| | o| ver| cast| | x| /| x| | /| x| | -| /| x| x| And | glit| ter| ing,| ob| du| rate,| | part| of| the| -| /| x x x| /| -| /| -| /| x x| /| x x| | Sil| icate of| tough| | lives| | dist| ant and| in| tricate| -| | x| /| x| /| x| | -| /| x| | As| the| whir| ring| bu| reau| crats| | let| in| x| /| x x| /| x| | x| /| x| /| x| And | set| tled with| cof| fee| in| the| con| crete| pal| lets| x| /| x x| /| x| | x| /| x| /| x| A| wait| ing the| post| and| the| de| part| ment| meet| ing| x| | x| /| x | /| x| x| | /| x| Ex| cept| that| these| do not| know| it, | at| least| do| not| -| /| x| /| x| /| x| /| x| | x| | Seem| to| be| ing| bus| y| gen| ER| all| y| | x| /| x x| /| x| | x| /| x| /| x| So| per| haps| it is| on| ly| on| those| cloud| less| al| most| -| /| x| /| x| | x| /| x x| | /| x| | Vac| uumed| af| ter| noons| with| ti| ER u| pon| ti| ER| x| /| x| | /| /| -| /| x| /| x| | Of| con| Crete| like| rib| bones| | packed| a| bove| them| | x| /| | /| x| | x| /| /| x| | | And | they| light| head| ed,| with| the| blue| air| i| ness| | -| /| x x| /| x| /| x| | x| /| x x| | | Spin| ning a| round| and| muz| zy,| a| neu| ral| gia| | -| /| x x| /| x x| /| x| /| x x| /| | | Cal| ling at| ran| dom like| frail| re| lat| ions a| phone| | -| /| x x x| /| x| /| x x| /| x| /| x| | Ring| ing in a| dist| ant| of| fice they| can| not| get| to| x| /| x| /| x| /| x x| /| /-| | | That| they| be| come| at| ten| tive, or| we| do| these| | x| /| x x| /| x x| /| | x| /| x| /| Di| vis| ions per| sist| ing, in| deed| what| we| talk| a| bout| -| /| x| /| x x| /| x| /| x| | | | We,| con| struct| ing these| webs| of| build| ings| which| | -| /| x| /| | /| x| /| x x| /| x| | Caulk| Ed | like| great| whales| a| bout| us are| al| ways| x| /| x x| /| x x| /| x| /| x| | | A| ware| that some| trick| of the| light| or| weath| ER| | | | /| x x| /| -| /| x x| /| x| | | Will| dress| them as| friends| | plead| ing and| flail| ing| | | x| /| x| /| x| | x| /| x x| /| x x| And| fill| with| plac| id| but | UN| bear| able | mel| odies| -| /| x| | -| /| x x x| /| | /| | | Us | in| deep| | hint| erlands of| in| curved| glass| | Poets learn to trust their senses, but even to the experienced writer these (tedious) exercises can pinpoint what the ear suspects is faulty, suggest where improvements lie, and show how the metre is making for variety, broad consistency, shaping of the argument and emotive appeal. Though other scansions are certainly possible in the lines above, the most striking feature will remain their irregularity. Many lines can only roughly be called pentameters; Lines 16 and 17 are strictly hexameters; and lines 27 and 28 are tetrameters. In fact, the lines do not read like blank verse. The rhythm is not iambic in many areas, but trochaic, and indeed insistently dactylic in lines 9 and 10, 21 and 22 and 28. Line 27 is predominantly anapaestic, and line 3 could (just) be scanned: x x| / x| /| x x | /| | /| x x | Of the| heavy| surf| of the North| Sea| | flurr| ying| Reflective or meditative verse is generally written in the iambic pentameter, and for good reason — the benefit of past examples, readers’ expectations, and because the iambic is the closest to everyday speech: flexible, unemphatic, expressing a wide range of social registers. Blank verse for the stage may be very irregular but this, predominantly, is a quiet poem, with the falling rhythms inducing a mood of reflection if not melancholy. What is being attempted? Suppose we set out the argument (refer to rhetorical and other analyses), tabbing and reverse tabbing as the reflections as they seem more or less private: {8} 1. But, as you’d expect, 2. they are very impatient, the buildings, 3. having much in them of the heavy surf of the North Sea, 4. flurrying the grit, 5. lifting the pebbles, 6. flinging them with a hoarse roar against the aggregate they are composed of — the 7. cliffs higher of course, more 8. burdensome, 9. underwritten as it were with past days 10. overcast and glinting, 11. obdurate, 12. part of the silicate of tough lives, 13. distant and intricate as 14. the whirring bureaucrats 15. let in and settled with coffee in the concrete pallets, awaiting the post and the department meeting — 16. except that these do not know it, 17. at least do not seem to, being busy, 18. generally. 19. So perhaps it is only on those cloudless, almost vacuumed afternoons with tier upon tier of concrete like rib — bones packed above them, and 20. they light-headed 21. with the blue airiness spinning around, and 22. muzzy, a 23. neuralgia calling at random like 24. frail relations, a 25. phone ringing in a distant office they cannot get to, that 26. They become attentive, 27. or we do — 28. these divisions persisting, 29. indeed what we talk about, 30. we, constructing these webs of buildings which 31. caulked like great whales about us, are 32. always aware that some trick of the light or weather will dress them as friends, 33. pleading and flailing — and 34. fill with placid but unbearable melodies 35. us in deep hinterlands of incurved glass. The structure should now be clear. Where Eliot created new forms by stringing together unremarkable pentameters, {8} this poem attempts the reverse: to recast an irregular ode-like structure as pentameters. And not over-successfully: many of the rhythms seemed unduly confined. But once returned to the form of an eighteenth century Pindaric ode, however unfashionable today, the lines regain a structure and integrity. Each starts with a marked stress and then tails away, a feature emphasized by the sound patterns. {9} Sound Patterning To these sound patterns we now turn, adapting the International Phonetic Alphabet to HTML restrictions: 1. But | as | you’d | expect | u | a | U | e e | b t | z | y d | ksp kt | 2. They | are | very | impatient | the | buildings | A | a(r) | e E | i A e | e | i i | th | – | v r | mp sh nt | th | b ld ngz | 3. Having | much | in | them | of | the | heavy | surf | of | the | North | Sea | a i | u | i | e | o | e | e | e(r) | o | e | aw | E | h v ng | m ch | n | th m | v | th | h v | s f | v | th | n th | s | 4. flurrying | the | grit | u E i | e | i | fl r ng | th | gr t | 5. lifting | the | pebbles | i i | e | e | l ft ng | th | p b lz | 6. flinging | them | with | a | hoarse | roar | against | the | aggregate | they | are | composed | of | i i | e | i | e | aw | aw | e A | e | a E A | A | a(r) | o O | o | fl ng ng | th m | w th | – | h s | r | g nst | th | gr g t | th | – | k MP zd | v | 7. the | cliffs | higher | of | course | more | e | i | I e | o | aw | aw | th | kl fs | h | v | s | m | 8. burdensome | u(r) e e | b d ns m | 9. underwritten | as | it | were | with | past | days | u e i e | a | i | (e)r | i | a(r) | A | nd r t n | z | t | w | w | p st | d z | 10. overcast | and | glinting | O e(r) a(r) | a | i i | v k St | nd | gl NT ng | 11. obdurate | o U A | bd r t | 12. part | of | the | silicate | of | tough | lives | (a)r | o | e | i i A | o | u | I | p t | f | th | s l k t | v | t f | l vz | 13. distant | and | intricate | i a | a | i i e | d St NT | nd | NT r k t | 14. as | the | whirring | bureaucrats | a | e | e(r) i | U O a | z | th | w r ng | b r kr ts | 15. let | in | and | settled | with | coffee | in | the | concrete | pallets | e | i | a | e ie | i | o E | i | e | o E | a e | l t | n | nd | s tl d | w th | k f | n | th | k Kr t | p l Ts | awaiting | the | post | and | the | department | meeting | e A i | e | O | a | e | E e | E i | w t ng | th | p St | nd | th | d p tm NT | m t ng | 16. except | that | these | do | not | know | it | e e | a | E | U | o | O | i | ks pt | th | th z | d | n t | n | t | 17. at | least | do | not | seem | to | being | busy | a | E | U | o | E | U | E i | i E | t | l St | d | n t | s m | t | b ng | b z >/td> | 18.generally | e e a E | j nr l | 19. so | perhaps | it | is | only | on | those | cloudless | almost | vacuumed | afternoons | O | e(r) a | i | i | O | o | O | ou e | aw O | a U | a(r) e oo | s | p h ps | t | z | nl | n | th z | kl dl s | lm St | v k md | ft n nz | with | tier | upon | tier | of | concrete | like | rib | bones | packed | above | them | and | i | E e(r) | e o | E e(r) | o | o E | I | i | O | a | e u | e | a | w th | t | p n | t | v | k nkr t | l k | r b | b nz | p Kt | b v | th m | nd | 20. they | light | headed | A | I | e e | th | l t | h d d | 21. with | the | blue | airiness | spinning | around | and | i | e | U | (A)r i e | i i | e ou | a | w th | th | bl | r n s | sp n ng | r nd | nd | 22. muzzy | a | u E | e | m z | – | 23. neuralgia | calling | at | random | like | U a E a | aw i | a | a o | I | n r lj | k l ng | t | r nd m | l k | 24. frail | relations | a | A | e A e | e | fr l | r l zh nz | – | 25. phone | ringing | in | a | distant | office | they | cannot | get | to | that | O | i i | i | e | i a | o i | A | a o | e | oo | a | | f n | r ng ng | n | – | d St NT | f s | th | k n t | g t | t | th | | 26. they | become | attentive | A | E u | a e i | th | b k m | t NT v | 27. or | we | do | aw | E | oo | – | w | d | 28. these | divisions | persisting | E | i i e | e(r) i i | th z | d v zh nz | p s St ng | 29. indeed | what | we | talk | about | i E | o | E | aw | e ou | in d | wh t | w | t k | b t | 30. we | constructing | these | webs | of | buildings | which | E | o u i | E | e | o | i i | i | w | k nz str Kt ng | th z | w bs | v | b ld ngz | wh Ch | 31. caulked | like | great | whales | about | us | are | aw | I | A | A | e ou | u | a(r) | k kd | l k | gr t | w lz | b t | s | – | 32. always | aware | that | some | trick | of | the | light | or | weather | will | dress | them | as | friends | aw A | e (A)r | a | u | i | o | e | I | aw | e e(r) | i | e | e | a | e | lw z | w | th t | s m | tr k | v | th | l t | – | w th | w l | dr s | th m | z | Fr ndz | 33. pleading | and | flailing | E i | a | A i | pl d ng | nd | fl l ng | 34. will | fill | with | placid | but | unbearable | melodies | i | i | i | a i | u | u A(r) a e | e O E | f l | w th | PL s d | b t | n b r b l | m l d z | | 35. us | in | deep | hinterlands | of | incurved | glass | u | i | E | i e a | o | i e(r) | a(r) | s | n | d p | h NT l ndz | v | nk v d | GL s | Sound in poetry is an immensely complicated and contentious subject. Of the seventeen different employments listed by Masson {10} we consider seven: 1. Structural emphasis All sections are structurally emphasized to some extent, but note the use (in decreasing hardness) of * plosive consonants in sections 1, 5, 6, 7, 10-13, 19, 28-50; 31 and 35. * fricative and aspirate consonants in sections 2, 3, 6, 7, 12, 19, 25, 28, 32, 35. * liquid and nasal consonants in sections 3, 4, 12, 15, 17, 18, 19, 21, 23, 31-35. Also: * predominance of front vowels — in all sections but 6, 7, 11, 16, 17, 19 and 31. * predominance of vowels in intermediate positions — only sections 16 and 17 having several high vowels and section 3 low vowels. 2. Tagging of sections Note sections 1, 7, 13 and 15. 3. Indirect support of argument by related echoes * Widely used, most obviously in sections 3-7, 12-13, and 15. 4. Illustrative mime: mouth movements apes expression * Sections 2, 6, 11-13, 19, 31 and 35. 5. Illustrative painting * Sections 3-6, 10-13, 15, 19 and 33. Most sections are closely patterned in consonants. Those which aren’t (and therefore need attention if consistency is to be maintained) are perhaps 8, 9, 14, 18, 20, 22, 24, 26 and 27. Originally the poem was cast in the form of irregular pentameters. But if this is set aside in favour of the 35 sections listed above, how are these sections to be linked in a self-evident and pleasing form? A little is accomplished by alliteration: * f in sections 3 to 7. * s and t in sections 12 to 15 * w in sections 29 to 32 And also by the predominance of front and intermediate level vowels, but these do not amount to much. Certainly we do not find that the overall shaping of the poem emphasizes the argument or content. Sociolinguistics Language is not a neutral medium but comes with the contexts, ideologies and social intentions of its speakers written in. Words are living entities, things which are constantly being employed and only half taken over: carrying opinions, assertions, beliefs, information, emotions and intentions of others, which we partially accept and modify. In this sense speech is dialogic, has an internal polemic, and Bakhtin’s insights into the multi-layered nature of language (heteroglossia) can be extended to poetry. {11} Much of Postmodernist writing tries to be very unliterary, incorporating the raw material of everyday speech and writing into its creations. This poem seems rather different, a somewhat remote tone and elevated diction applying throughout. Let us see what’s achieved by grouping under the various inflections of the speaking voice. * urgently confidential But, as you’d expect, cliffs higher, of course, that they become attentive or we do * obsessively repetitious flurrying the grit, lifting the pebbles, flinging them†¦ burdensome, underwritten†¦ overcast and glinting, obdurate * over-clever silicate of tough lives  distant and intricate constructing these webs of buildings distracted and/or light-headed except that these do not know it at least do not seem to with the blue airiness spinning around calling at random like frail relations * melancholic and/or reflective some trick of the light or weather will dress them as friends pleading and flailing and fill with placid but unbearable melodies. The exercise hardly provides revelation. Heteroglossia is an interweaving of voices, moreover, not shifts of tone or reference. And yet there is something very odd about the opening line. Why should we expect the buildings to be very impatient? This is more than the orator’s trick of attracting attention, since the animate nature of buildings and their constituents is referred to throughout the poem. To be more exact, the attitude of the inhabitants — observers, bureaucrats, architects — to the buildings is developed by the poem, and is paralleled by the tone. But why the confidential and repetitious attitude at the beginning. Why should we be buttonholed in this manner? Why the But, which seems to point to an earlier conversation, and the urgency with which that earlier conversation is being refuted or covered up? Because the blame for something is being shifted to the buildings. What error has been committed we do not know, but in mitigation we are shown the effect of the buildings on other inhabitants. Or perhaps we are. In fact the whirring bureaucrats seem to grow out of the fabric of buildings, and we do not really know if the we, constructing these webs of buildings is meant literally or metaphorically. The poem’s title suggests literally, but perhaps these constructions are only of the mind: sections 17, 20-29, 32 and 34 refer to attitudes rather than actions, and there is an ethereal or otherworldly atmosphere to the later section of the poem. So we return to heteroglossia, which is not simply borrowed voices, but involves an internal polemic, {12} that private dialogue we conduct between our private thoughts and their acceptable public expression. The dialogue is surely here between the brute physicality of a nature made overpoweringly real and the fail brevity of human lives. That physicality is threatening and unnerving. If the we of the later section of the poem is indeed architects then that physicality is harnessed to practical ends. If the constructing is purely mental then the treatment is through attitudes, mindsets, philosophies. But in neither case does it emasculate the energy of the physical world. Architects may leave monuments behind them, but they are also imprisoned in those monuments (us in deep hinterlands) and hearing all the time the homesick voice of their constituents. Conclusions: Suggested Improvements The greatest difficulty lies in the poem’s structure. An pentameter form has been used to give a superficial unity, but this wrenches the rhythm, obscures the sound patterns and does nothing for the argument. If recast in sections defined by rhythm and sound pattern the form is too irregular to have artistic autonomy. A return could be made to the eighteenth century Pindaric ode in strict metre and rhyme, but would require extensive and skilful rewriting, and probably appear artificial. A prose poem might be the answer, but the rhythms would need to be more fluid and subtly syncopated. Otherwise, blank verse should be attempted, and the metre adjusted accordingly. The internal polemic is a valuable dimension of the poem, but more could be done to make the voices distinct. http://www. textetc. com/criticism/stylistics. html1. On StylisticsIs cognitive stylistics the future of stylistics? To answer this question in the essay that follows, I will briefly discuss Elena Semino and Jonathan Culpeper’s Cognitive Stylistics (2003), Paul Simpson’s Stylistics (2004), and a recent essay by Michael Burke (2005). However, because questions are like trains – one may hide another – any discussion of the future of stylistics raises intractable questions about stylistics itself. French students of stylistics, for example, will come across definitions of the discipline like the following. According to Brigitte Buffard-Moret, â€Å"si les definitions de †¦ [la stylistique] – que certains refusent de considerer comme une scien

Wright And Wrong Essays - Nelle A. Coley, Pedagogy, Scout Promise

Wright And Wrong Essays - Nelle A. Coley, Pedagogy, Scout Promise Wright And Wrong old brain acquired any knowledge from was my parents. They were my soul teachers on what was and what was not ethical. Then one brisk fall day my tiny right foot hit the bus steps and I was off to my first day of school. It was in this one isolated incident in wh Beginning from birth until I was about five years old the only source that my five-year ich my brain began to fog up from the entire worlds views on ethics. Basically in the fraction of a second that it took my foot to make contact with the rubber stuff on the bus steps, I became perpetually confused as to what was right and what was wrong. As I made my way down the aisle of the bus I found a seat with a very scruffy little kid (Danny McCormick), whom would soon become my partner in crime. This was my best bud back in the day when days lasted weeks and weeks lasted years. Now being an extremely shy child I was his lackey, he said jump and I responded how high? We were that children who always had to sit on the wall during recess for throwing dirt at little Billy or for teasing little Susie about her stupid pink bow. To this day the smell of Windex will send me straight back to the days of cleaning the chalkboard and the desks during recess. Also we were the well-published chalkboard names with the vivacious yellow check mark strategically placed directly following. The two of us could be found at any given time together and probably causing trouble. So my best bud until about fourth grade basically taught me to be a little punk. Which totally went against everything my parents had taught me. Here is where I need to flashback to fill you in on my parent's background and what they had taught me until I started attending school. My parents are the basic run of the mile middle class parents. They are not: drug addicts, alcoholics, quick-tempered, violent, or in any way emotionally scaring. To sum it up my parents are the Huxtable's without all the sappy make you want to vomit scenes. They had always grilled a sense of love everyone, treat others the way you want to be treated view into my head. So meeting my little scruffy Danny was something extremely new and exciting to me. He taught me it could be fun to get in trouble, my parents of course thought otherwise and would try at all lengths to keep us apart. This was like trying to keep Bert away from Ernie. During the summer before fourth-grade Danny and his family moved to the upper- peninsula and we lost contact after about five years of what seemed like an everlasting friendship. I'm sure my parents were pained to see me hurt by the whole ordeal of losing my best buddy, but I also believe that they jumped for joy internally when he left in his parents beat-up old station wagon that day lost so long ago. The memory lives on and what he taught me will always be apart of what I hold ethical. Upon returning to school in the fall of the fourth grade I found myself surrounded by all the familiar faces minus one. I realized all these kids were the ones that we had tormented for so many years, why would they ever speak to me. So for a few days I basically kept to myself, went back to being really shy and I spoke to no one. My whole personality had changed into something these kids had never seen; I was not being a little bad ass. And one day a little curly-headed girl, (Heather Ross), whom we had repeatedly tormented, approached me and asked me to come over to her house and play and I did. This was the beginning of my second most beautiful friendship. Heather and I would do everything together just as Danny and I had, but this relationship was quite different. We didn't do everything to physically or emotionally injure another person, which was what I basically was doing for

Music Or Suicide Professor Ramos Blog

Music Or Suicide There are many ways that you can define suicide and how it affects us as individuals. According to the National Institute of Mental Health, there are three different types of suicides. Suicide is defined as death caused by self-directed injurious behavior with intent to die as a result of the behavior. Suicide attempt is a non-fatal, self-directed, potentially injurious behavior with intent to die as a result of the behavior. A suicide attempt might not result in injury. And lastly Suicidal Ideation refers to thinking about considering, or planning suicide. We learn suicide in many different ways, such as listening to music, on television, the acts of another person, bullying, encouragment and many more. Our main focus will discuss how music affects teenagers and adolescents causing and leading them to self-harm and kill themselves. According to the American Foundation of Suicidal Prevention, There is no single cause for suicide. Suicide most often occurs when stressors and health issues coverage to create an experience of hopelessness and despair. Depression is the most common condition associated with suicide, and it often undiagnosed or untreated. Conditions like depression, anxiety, and substance problems, when unaddressed, increase risk of suicide. Some of the things that we can look out for when looking for signs of suicide is the behaviors of another person. Statistics have proven that suicide is the tenth leading cause of death in the U.S. for all the ages. In 2017, 47,173 Americans died by suicide and 1,400,000 Americans attempted suicide. There were twice as many suicides in the United States then there were homicides. Among females, the suicide rate was highest between the ages of 45-54, and males aging 65 and older(American Foundation of Suicidal Prevention, Suicide Statistics). There have been many situations of teens killing themselves, because of the encouragement of what artists sing in their music. 2 Famalies Sue Heavy-Metal Band As Having Driven Sons To Suicide, written by Larry Rohter gives an example of two young Nevada men who shot themselves two days before christmas listening to albums by the heavy metal band Judas Priest. Another incident was the traumatic suicide that led to over 100 suicides was the â€Å"Gloomy Sunday†, by RezsÅ‘ Seresss. According to Ranker by Jessica M. Thomas. In 1933, it was soon known worldwide as the cursed song, â€Å"A social reality of 1980s America was a significant rise in the teen suicides†(Jessica M. Thomas). There were many deaths from this song that those that killed themselves had held the lyrics to the song on a note paper as a suicide note. The song was banned in many places because of the increase of suicides. As a result according to Centre for Suicide Prevention, Some commentators claimed that certain emo groups promoted negative behaviors such as cutting, self-harm, and even anorexia. There was a growing fear that positive perceptions of suicidal behaviour were rising, and that this new media was helping to spread its message at alarming rates (Ovell 2011). We also may not forget the case of a 19 year old John McCallum, who shot himself to death while listening to Ozzy Osbourne’s song â€Å"Suicidal Solution†. (Robert Olson). Let us also take a look at the songs that also encourage suicide, for instance the band Blink 182 â€Å"Adams song† speaks â€Å" The choice was mine, I didn’t think enough, im to depressed, to go on, you’ll be sorry when I am gone.† This song not only spoke of him not being able to continue with his life, soon after a year later after its release a 17year-old survivor of the Columbine High School shooting used it to soundtrack his own suicide. The song Tonight I Will Retire by Damien Jurado sings â€Å" Tonight I will retire to these hands of the revolver and I don’t fear death, I will commit†¦ Sure me not I deserve to die†. Him shooting himself to forget about the pain that he feels, and that is the only way for him to feel happy. Alone Again Naturally by Gilbert O’ Sullivan â€Å" I promise to treat myself and visit a nearby tower and climbing to the top will throw myself off.† Writing this song of a bride leaving him at the altar, of a broken heart, his only way to end his pain was by throwing himself off a building. And lastly Papa Roach’s song Last Resort he sings in his song â€Å"Cut my life into pieces this is my last resort, Suffocation no breathing dont give a fuck if I cut my arm bleeding.† The song convinces teenagers to question if living is worth it or is it better to commit. These songs as of thousands of more have encouraged those to end their life or try to attempt. We listen to the songs without even realizing what they are saying until the lyrics are right in front of us. In conclusion to the effects of music taking away the life of teenagers or adults, instead of encouraging them to look for the help we are only telling them it is okay to give up and doubt yourself. Taking your life away is the only way that you will find happiness. I believe that after the research we see how much suicide has increased even on its own. When the suicide rates started increasing Logic, Alessia Cara and khalid came out with the song (1800)273-8255, which is the number to the suicide hotline. The song encourages men and women to look for help and remind them that taking their life won’t fix the problem. In the song it also includes both point of views that sometimes it’s okay to question who you are nssd question life, but theres always someone out their who cares about you. If we can encourage young women and me. Or at any age to believe that they have a purpose the death rates and attempts would be lessened and could help many more look for the help that they need.If we can stop industries from publishing the songs that speak upon death or attempt it then we can encourage those to find help. Work Cited Overell, R. (2010). Emo online: Networks of sociality/networks of exclusion. Perfect Beat, 11(2), 141-162. Retrieved from academia.edu/763999/Emo_ online_networks_of_sociality_networks_of_exclusion â€Å"Risk Factors and Warning Signs.† AFSP, 14 Nov. 2018, afsp.org/about-suicide/risk-factors-and-warning-signs/. Rohter, Larry. â€Å"2 Families Sue Heavy-Metal Band As Having Driven Sons to Suicide.† The New York Times, The New York Times, 17 July 1990, nytimes.com/1990/07/17/arts/2-families-sue-heavy-metal-band-as-having-driven-sons-to-suicide.html. â€Å"Suicide, Rock Music and Moral Panics.† Centre for Suicide Prevention, suicideinfo.ca/resource/musicandsuicide/#references. â€Å"This Cursed Song Drives People To Suicide And You Can Listen To It Right Now.† Ranker, Vote on Entertainment Movies Tv Celebrity Comedy Horror behind the Scenes Nostalgia What to Watch Music Rock Hip Hop Country Metal Pop Music Singers Albums Music History Nerdy Gaming Comics Anime Cartoons Toys Tech Space Science Sports Nfl Soccer Nba Baseball Hockey College Sports Combat Sports Athletes Living Beauty Fashion Family Relationships Pets Home Career Automotive History Politics World History Us History Royalty War Mysteries Historical Figures Ancient History Culture Art Travel Books Deep Thoughts LGBTQ Astrology Funny Social Media Food Cooking Beverages Libations Fast Food Snacks Restaurants Healthy Eating Secret Menu Items Channels Total Nerd Weird History Button Mash Graveyard Shift Anime Underground Weird Nature Unspeakable Crimes Weirdly Interesting Video Shop, ranker.com/list/gloomy-sunday-song-curse/jessika-gilbert.